THE WAI AND DISABLED POPULATIONS :: Essays Papers

THE WAI AND DISABLED POPULATIONS Introduction-In a world where the Internet is the fastest growing method of communication and educational resources, it should be available to all of its users. However, it seems that the creators seemed to have left out a certain group of people. This group of people would be the disabled population of the world. It might seem to the "normal person" that this is not a big issue. Contrary to what people might think it truly is. The Web Accessibility Initiative was established by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Its promise is to assure all users of the web a fair and equal opportunity for people with disabilities. There are many important reasons why web accessibility is important. Not many people realize how many obstacles the web has for people with disabilities. This affects millions of people throughout the world. Some of these include visual disabilities. For example, web sites that have poorly marked-up table or frames, unlabeled graphics or undescribed videos. People with hearing disabilities also experience problems, such as lack of captioning for audio, and proliferation of text with out visual markers. Other sites on the web are also unfair for people who have cognitive or neurological disabilites. This can cause problems because of flickering or strobing graphics on pages, and highly complicated presentations and language use(Brewer). In October 1994, the W3C was created to lead the information superhighway to it's highest potential by developing a set of guidelines that ensure its evolution, accessibility and understanding by everybody. WAI is sponsored by a mixed group of government and industry supporters of accessibility. It has three different guidelines to address different needs. 1.) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0. 2.) Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 3.)User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 Each guideline has specific supporting documents and resources. Some examples of this are checklists, technique documents with implementation detail, curricula, and logos. Research and development can have a major impact on the future of web accessibility. WAI plays a key role in assessing trends in implementations of accessible and inaccessible web technologies. It also helps with devoloping collaborations with research projects to promote awareness of the need for accessibility and benefits of universal design. For people with disabilites the Internet has been a "mixed blessing(Brewer)". Inaccessibility is unfair because the Internet is an excellent source for news, information, commerce, distance learning, email, voting, entertainment and even keeping in touch with family and friends.

Counter-Terrorism Strategies

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam were founded in 1976 with the aim of championing for the Tamil people of Sri Lanka-Hindus who comprise about 18% of the total population against the Buddhist Sinhalese who make up the majority of the population (Rabasa, pp. 68). To fight for the formation of an independent state curved out from Sri Lanka, they have repeatedly waged war using guerrilla, conventional, and terrorist tactics and have attacked military, government and civilian targets.One major unit that specializes in terrorist attacks is the Black Tigers who often commit suicide during such attacks. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a terrorist organization founded in the year 1916 and has conducted many violent and terrorism campaigns against the British authorities in the Northern Ireland for a long time since 1916 . The current operations of the army is based on a kind of rules of war in which for instance warnings of an imminent bomb attack are provided followed by a certain cod e that acts as a verification of the legitimacy of the warnings.The bombings have been targeted to disrupt the lives of British people so that the organization can continue obtaining financial support from associate countries though this is anticipated to change. The range of bombs used by the terrorists include small devices made from high explosives which have been provided by foreign associates or stolen and large improvised bombs based on Ammonium . A renewed ceasefire declared in 1997 by the IRA was far from being comprehensive since it only refrained them from attacking the security forces and therefore the IRA continued to launch brutal attacks against Roman Catholics .Different strategies have therefore been employed to combat terrorism both in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland. These strategies exhibit some differences as well as a number of similarities. This paper will compare and contrast these strategies adopted by the authorities to suppress acts of terrorism propagated b y the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka and the IRA in Northern Ireland. The strategies adopted by the authorities to suppress acts of terrorism in Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland differ on several facets.Firstly, the authorities in Sri Lanka have predominantly used military force to combat the violent acts propagated by Tamil Tiger rebels. In contrast, the British government have applied extensive legislative measures to suppress the terrorist organization, the Ireland Republican Army in Northern Ireland. There are several examples of legislation by the British government. It is worth noting that since its formation, Northern Ireland has been in a state of emergency and the Civil Authorities Act of 1922 was passed only a year after its partition .In the 1970s the British government perceived an imminent possibility of the violence in Northern Ireland spiraling out of control and therefore it expeditiously introduced the Northern Ireland Emergency Provisions Act (EPA) in 1973 . This Act was a milestone since it paved way for a number of new measures including increased power for the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and Army to arrest any terrorism suspect.In addition, the Act allowed the formation of non-jury courts specially for conducting trials on those accused of terrorism and also it provided for the prohibition of all terrorist organizations. As another and more advanced measure to suppress acts of terrorism, the British Parliament quickly passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) in 1974 after the deadly Birmingham pub bombings by the IRA . The PTA also served to extend the measures undertaken by the EPA throughout the UK by the virtue of introducing more powers with regard to interrogation and detention.These two major Acts had extreme provisions and therefore they were originally designed to be temporary though the government fully understood the dynamic nature of terrorism and therefore was committed to renew them until they were eventually replaced by more permanent provisions of the Terrorism Act of 2000 . The effectiveness of such legislation can be seen particularly from the implementation of Northern Ireland Emergency Provisions Act in 1973 which gave the military power to arrest and detain suspects temporarily and also search homes in the absence of warrants.The culmination of such a move was that hundreds of people were detained and more than 250,000 homes searched during which thousands of hidden weapons were discovered and seized by the military . These legislation paved way for a number of methods in curbing terrorism in Northern Ireland. These methods include criminalisation, internment without trial, Diplock courts and the supergrass system in which the policies of each focus on punishing those accused of crimes related to terrorism with unwanted or unforeseen effects .Therefore, the legislative measures adopted by the British government to combat Ireland Republican Army’s terrorist actions forced it to alter its ow n legislative avenue to make it commensurate with the political violence in the Northern Ireland by both taking extreme steps and first making their provisions temporary. In contrast to such legislative approaches to ending terrorism, the government of Sri Lanka can be said to have mostly applied military force combined with very few harsh legislative measures when compared to those adopted against IRA by British government.It is important to remember that when it attained its independence in 1948, Sri Lanka was not prepared to deal with even minor protests leave alone such large terrorist groups as Tamil Tigers which developed gradually over time. This was due to the small number of police and military in addition to inadequate equipment and lack of a firm organizational structure. There are several incidences which demonstrate that the government has employed force in terms of military action as well as legislation as major strategies against the Tamil rebels.In 1977, before a mon th was over after the UNP government coming to power, an army was sent to wipe out all the people who were organizing a movement to demand for a separate Tamil state . This was purposed to stop the secessionists before the movement became a threat to the government. A similar attack in August 1977 resulted in hundreds of Tamils being killed and thousands left homeless. This was done through the use of force by the police and the military.An example of a legislation against terrorism is the Prevention of Terrorism Act which was passed in 1979 and whose provisions included confessions made out of torture, detention without trial, and conducting searches without warrants . In addition, the Act made crimes such as kidnapping, murder, and abduction punishable by life imprisonment. This legislative approach can however be compared to the one used in Northern Ireland by the British government though it has passed many legislation compared to the situation in Sri Lanka with regard to counte r-terrorism.In the mid 1981, another military-initiated attack against the Tamils occurred which left the group devastated. A major preventive war in 1983 was waged against Tamils by the government to crash them completely following a shift in the balance of power between the Tamils who were secessionists, and the Sri Lankan government . This pogrom had a lot of effects compared to the previous incidences of military action since it was accompanied with the use of violent attacks by organized mob groups which left over 3,000 Tamils brutally killed and 150,000 left homeless .These events are examples which demonstrate the difference in the way the two governments have dealt with terrorism propagated by the two groups. Another major contrast in the strategies to combat the activities of both the Tamil Tigers and the Ireland Republican Army is that the British government in the Northern Ireland has extensively applied contingency measures which include legislation aimed at dealing with biological, chemical or radiological attacks .In Sri Lanka, such measures have hardly been used and instead, legislation to curb terrorism by the Tamil Tigers have been predominantly those that give the military more power and authority to use force. However, a similar case applies in Northern Ireland with regard to use of harsh tactics to arrest and suppress the members of the Ireland Republican Army. The major measure used between 1971 and 1975 was that of using torture during interrogation of suspects who had been subjected to internment without trial .The measure was particularly applied on suspects whom the authorities believed they were potential sources of valuable information which could possibly enable them apprehend more suspects including the masterminds of the terrorist attacks by the IRA. The in depth interrogation as an example of using force on suspects entailed five main techniques including exposure of the terror suspects to a monotonous and continuous loud voice w ith the head covered with a black hood and being forced by means of a button to stand for about six hours at a time against a wall, hands raised above the head with the legs apart for a period of several days.The suspects were also subjected to severe deprivation of food and water and also sleep was denied. However, the European Commission on Human Rights later on judged the method as one constituting an inhuman practice of treating people who have been arrested. This led to the discontinuity of the use of the five techniques following unfavorable publicity . A major similarity in both counter-terrorism strategies is with regard to the attempts to use peaceful means or dialogue which has seen several treaties being signed between the IRA and the British government and between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamil Tigers.The peace agreements have been accompanied by certain promises and conditions such power sharing deals, surrendering of weapons by the rebelling groups including o ther conditions with the purpose of seeking peace. However, a similar scenario witnessed in both cases is that most of the attempts to initiate sustainable peace agreements have in most cases failed due to diverse political, economic or social reasons.A major attempt and a good example of a peace agreement in the Northern Ireland is the Downing Street Declaration which was initiated in December 1993 and which signaled readiness for more dialogue to break the stalemate between all the sides involved in the resolution process including the IRA and Sinn Fein, the Ireland’s oldest political movement . In Sri Lanka, since a new government came to power in 2001, the government has adopted a peace approach to suppress terrorism by the Tamil Tigers in which at least three breakthroughs have been achieved.Among the peace talks have been a disarmament process, agreement on humanitarian measures and most importantly, the readiness of the Tamil Tigers to welcome a federal structure . It can therefore be clearly deduced that there have been practical and viable approaches to counter acts of terrorism by both the Ireland Republican Army and the Tamil Tigers which have been implemented by the governments concerned to try and improve the situation in these countries. A good similarity is that both governments have tried peace agreements though most have not elicited sustainable outcomes.Another similarity is seen in the use of force though the kind of force used against IRA is seen to be mostly applied after suspects have been apprehended in an effort to gather useful information from them. The force used on Tamil Tigers is predominantly military action. The biggest contrast between the strategies in both situations is that a lot of sustainable legislative measures have been adopted against the IRA with only one major legislation being implemented against the Tamil Tigers. Bibliography Bjorgo, Tore. Root causes of terrorism: myths, reality and ways forward.New York: Ro utledge, 2005. Brenner, Edgar H and Yonah Alexander. Uks Legal Responses to Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2003. Derkins, Susie. The Irish Republican Army. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003. Dos Santos, Anne Noronha. Military intervention and secession in South Asia: the cases of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kashmir, and Punjab. New York: Anne Dos Santos, 2007. Geraghty, Tony. The Irish War: the hidden conflict between the IRA and British Intelligence. New York: JHU Press, 2000. Houen, Alex. Terrorism and modern literature, from Joseph Conrad to Ciaran Carson.New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Martin, Gus. Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies. New York: SAGE, 2010. Rabasa, Angel. Beyond al-Qaeda: The outer rings of the terrorist universe. New York: Rand Corporation, 2006. Shanahan, Timothy. The provisional Irish Republican Army and the morality of terrorism. Salt Lake City: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. Sluka, Jeffrey A. Death squad: the anthropology of state terror. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. Wallis, Geoff, Mark Connolly and Margaret Greenwood. Rough guide to Ireland. Dublin City: Rough Guides, 2003.

Rosewood Hotels Marketing Plan Essay - 1450 Words

MARKETING PLAN OBJECTIVE The main objective was to foster customer retention and loyalty increasing cross-property usage. The number of multi-property guest stays should be increased to 10% from the 5% rate experienced during the last year. MARKETING SITUATION Problem situation: Rosewood brand was muted, not very well known but it was not clear what is the best corporate branding strategy without destroying the value of each individually branded hotel and loosing a customer. A new branding strategy proposing an increased customer profitability and lifetime value is†¦show more content†¦This number is pretty high taking into consideration that within the sector of individually branded hotels Rosewood is the second biggest in a number of hotels. Customers. We do not have lots of information about the customers in the case but probably we could group the clients into a several groups in order to understand their profile better: †¢ Wealthy families. These costumers most probably stay at the hotel 1-2 times a year for a holiday or family festival. It is high-income families that might be traveling to different resorts and countries and could be a potential repetitive customer in another Rosewood hotels worldwide too. †¢ Business travelers. It might me leaders or honor guests of some companies that travel a lot and value the uniqueness of a specific Rosewood hotel and prefer to have personalized services (for example as it was mentioned in the case specific type of pillow). †¢ Private owners (â€Å"co-op†) that most probably also include members of wealthy families and business travelers mentioned before. This group of customers is reluctant for more visible hotel brands and do not see the benefits of being a part of bigger organization. Collaborators. The main collaborators I would say are travelShow MoreRelatedRosewood Hotels1703 Words   |  7 PagesMARKETING PLAN OBJECTIVE The main objective was to foster customer retention and loyalty increasing cross-property usage. The number of multi-property guest stays should be increased to 10% from the 5% rate experienced during the last year. MARKETING SITUATION Problem situation: Rosewood brand was muted, not very well known but it was not clear what is the best corporate branding strategy without destroying the value of each individually branded hotel and loosing a customer. A new branding strategyRead MoreRosewood Case Solution1626 Words   |  7 PagesLuxury hotel segment is getting more competitive. Rosewood Hotels Resorts have been competing in this segment more than 25 years with its distinctive individual hotel brands. On the contrary, guests want to see one unique brand, same quality and service at every hotel that they stay under one corporate brand name. One corporate brand strategy help companies increase their retention rate, make multi-cross selling and have loyal repeat buyers. Guests also tend to tie the brand of hotels that theyRead MoreHbs - Rosewood Case1322 Words   |  6 PagesRosewood Hotels and Resorts is considering a new brand strategy in an attempt to increase their multi property guest stays, revenues and cross selling rates. However, the company needs to do so without the expense of possibly diminishing the powerful brand image and strategy of their existing properties. Rosewood has built a customer value proposition on a core set of philosophies, as well as, strategic and marketing plans designed to create their unique competitive advantage through differentiationRead MoreRosewood Hotels Resorts Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesRosewood Hotels Resorts 1 Running Head: ROSEWOOD HOTELS RESORTS Rosewood Hotels Resorts Rosewood Hotels Resorts 2 Rosewood Hotels Resorts is a collection of unique, one-of-a-kind luxury properties that are individually branded with the purpose of capturing what is unique about a given location. This strategy has been successful but now management believes that branding the hotels as a collective will increase customer visits between properties. Question #1- Why is Rosewood consideringRead MoreDefinition Of Individual Brand Strategy1229 Words   |  5 Pagesidentity, often downplaying the overarching (corporate) brand. 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Problem Definition: Read MoreRosewood Case3947 Words   |  16 PagesRosewood Hotels amp; Resorts Case Study Background The Rosewood Hotels amp; Resorts has been in business for close to 25 years. It operates in the luxury hotel segment, with a focus on one-of-a-kind hotels. Each hotel reflects the local culture and character of its location. Up to this point it has allowed properties to thrive on their own with very little corporate identity. However, management feels there is an opportunity for growth in the market and is considering a new brand strategy;Read MoreLobby3909 Words   |  16 Pages Page 1. Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------3 2. Profile of our Hotel--------------------------------------------------------------------4 3. What is a lobby?-----------------------------------------------------------------------5 4. Plan of the Lobby----------------------------------------------------------------------6 5. The Functional areas of the Lobby--------------------------------------------------7Read MoreGrowth of a Hotel Chain Via Globalization6780 Words   |  28 PagesGrowth of a Hotel Chain via Globalization Kempinski Hotels S.A. Subject: Introduction to Hospitality Group: PGDO Students: Valentina Domenyuk (dova030690) Jelena Hrulova (hrje250583) Ryan Lin (litz080588) Cindy Pai (pape310888) Eddie Yang (yach110882) Word count: 6540 Lecturer: H. Bayne Table of Content Introduction 3 History 3 Management Board 6 Brand Philosophy 7 Corporate Social Responsibility 7 Kempinskis goal 8 Awards 9 Different Kempinski’s logos 10 NotableRead MoreImproving Profitability By Applying Sustainable Strategies9898 Words   |  40 Pagescommercial industries are realizing the massive negative impact that businesses have on the environment and they are trying to implement different strategies to transform their business in a more sustainable one in hopes of lessening that impact. Hotel owners, employees and guests started to be more aware for the environment by expressing their concern. Both parties are playing a huge role in making the hospitality industry more sustainable. When people started to be interest in the impact the business

Slavery Abolished - 1431 Words

In 1833, slavery was abolished in the British Empire after years of conflict and the hard work of abolitionists in London. Around the era of slavery more people were for it than against it. Even though there were too less people against it, they were still stronger believers. In this essay I will be discussing the persuasive arguments and events that took place to cause the abolition of slavery in the British Empire by 1833. The three causes were what the Abolitionists did, actions took by the slaves and the economic reasons. The White Campaigners The Abolitionists Parliament passed on the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833. The act gave all slaves in the British Empire their freedom. It was one of the great issues of the 19th century. By 1833†¦show more content†¦By 1800, there were slaves being sold in Britain and being taken against their will to the West Indies, but most black people in Britain were free through their own efforts. Some slaves rebelled as source 3 shows us, quot; slaves on the island of St Dominique set fire the sugar cane,quot; this portrays the image that if they started being more aggressive towards the plantation owners business then they would be scared and try to make a treaty with them. This treaty would have rules like payment must be allowed or they wont work and many other rules and regulations to make it fair on the slaves working extremely hard for 15 hours or more labor. There were other methods in which slaves used against their owners so they would be freed or payed these were, act ill, work less hard, sabotage crops, act stupid also pretend they dont know English even though they have been in that plantation area or 10 years or more; this would create the owner a huge cost in money and they would loose all theyre profit. They would have no choice to either free the slaves or pay them. This second reason links in with the economy problems because the slaves sabotaged and rebelled against the plantation owners fields and crops causing the owners huge costs and reductions from rich to poor. The last reason for the abolition of slavery was that it was no longer making such a profit. From the 1770s onwards the West Indies were becoming lessShow MoreRelatedSlavery Is The Inhuman Act And Should Be Abolished Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, slavery has always played a vital importance in American History. Slavery has stayed constant throughout history and is still present in the modern era. As per the International Labor Organization, there are roughly 21 million people worldwide who are victims of forced labor. Although it was referred as morally unjust, slavery institutionalized by the legal means and slaveholders were protected by property rights. Many arguments made by those that support slavery have attempted toRead MoreAfter slavery was abolished, African Americans never had the same rights as other U.S. citizens. In800 Words   |  4 PagesAfter slavery was abolished, African Americans never had the same rights as other U.S. citizens. In the 1950s the civil rights movement came about in order to try to gain equality among all people in the United States. For the most part, there were three presidents that had the most impact on the civil rights movement; D. D. Eisenhower, J. F. Kennedy, and L. B. Johnson. During the events that unfolded in the time period that these three men were presidents, Kennedy impacted the movement the mostRead MoreThroughout Our Journey In Lps 35 We Have Been Debating1330 Words   |  6 Pageshow society influences law. What we have not deliberated in class is what brought about the end of slavery; was it because technology was out-pacing manual labor with the introduction of the steam engine, or could it have been that society was warming up to the idea of abolishing because they found slavery distasteful? Of these two theories, I strongly favor technological advancement out-dating slavery, but the idea that society dictated it obsolete has merit as well. There are the two leading theoriesRead MoreS lavery Is A Horrible And Ancient Practice That Still Exists Today1459 Words   |  6 PagesAfrica Project: Crucial Points -Big Idea: My big idea for this portfolio is, â€Å"Slavery is a horrid and ancient practice that still exists today†. I chose this as my big idea because it explains that slavery is a cruel and unjust practice, and it has existed for centuries in this world. However, even though slavery is officially abolished in all parts of the United States, it is not abolished in the entire world. In fact, there are more slaves in the world today than any other time period. CurrentlyRead MoreSlavery : The State Of Being A Slave1195 Words   |  5 PagesA.) Slavery is defined as the state of being a slave, or the condition of being owned by another person and being forced to work. B.) Slavery has been going on for a very long time. It has been going on over seas and started in the US around 1619, in the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. The Slaves during that time were used to help the fields and crops such as cotton and tobacco. C.) However, slavery began long before that time. In the sixteenth century Europe traded slaves around the world. TheRead MoreMulti Cultural And Multi Racial1476 Words   |  6 Pagessold into slavery but still were able to hold onto customs and philosophical ideals (Thornton, 1993, p. 195). Though these Africans were enslaved they still maintained many of their strong beliefs and warrior ideals from their home countries. In fact, it is believed that these ideals were prominently figured in the slave revolution of Saint-Domingue that eventually resulted in Haiti’s independence (Thornton, 1993, p. 198). The many historical influences on the Caribbean related to slavery and agricultureRead MoreThe Modern Slavery that is Taking Place in our World Today1033 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Slavery occurs when one person controls another person, using violence or the threat of violence to maintain that control, exploits them economically, pays them nothing and they cannot walk away.† In 1865, slavery was abolished here in the United States. It states in the thirteen amendment that, â€Å"neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdictionRead MoreSlavery And The Abolition Of Slavery1166 Words   |  5 Pagesmain issue of controversy that contributed to the split of the Union: slavery. Lincoln explicitly expressed that slavery should be abolished for several reasons, recognizing the practice as an extreme violation of human rights and American republicanism. Despite his advocacy for abolishment, Lincoln’s politics on racial justice were still problematic. While Abraham Lincoln recognizes basic human rights, and advocates that slavery is an obvious violation of these basic principles, I argue and characterizeRead MoreStedmans Surinam Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of slavery. He wrote about specific slaves and Negros he came in contact with, the perception that others had of these people, the treatment of these slaves and the rising tensions and conflicts between the revolting slaves and the colonists. At times he would write in a tone that sensed he favored abolishing slavery but this was far from the case. Stedman never acknowledged that he wanted to end slavery but rather he expressed his concerns and feelings towards the ways that slavery could beRead MoreReligious Empathy by Blake and Cowper750 Words   |  3 Pagesthe property of whites and had very few rights. However not all whites were for slavery. Two white English writers who created a Black persona to write poems supporting abolition were William Blake, in The Little Black Boy, and William Cowper, in The Negro’s Complaint. In 1788, William Cowper wrote The Negro’s Complaint in support of the ending of the trade in slaves. The poem is criticizes slavery how horrible slavery really was. William Blakes The Little Black Boy is from Songs of Innocence and

The Cultural Revolution A Period Of Loss For China

Katie Zhang Richardson WH-II Research Paper 5 June 2015 The Cultural Revolution was a period of loss for China; 1.5 million lives were lost, but even more lost their property, their dignity, and their culture. The instigator of this period of devastation, Mao Zedong, crippled China (â€Å"Cultural Revolution†). Mao, the most influential man in Chinese history, was able to obtain power through repressive campaigns and his ruthless Red Guard supporters. When Mao Zedong was born in 1893, China was in a terrible state. The Opium War, the Open Door Policy, and the unsuccessful Boxer Revolution left China in widespread devastation. As the Qing Dynasty ended in 1912, new leaders prepared to take power (Gay 16). Two leaders that†¦show more content†¦The Nationalists who sought power over the Communists massacred around five to six thousand Communists in Shanghai on April 12, 1927. A Civil war had broken out (Wertz). Mao fled the Nationalist purges and escaped into the mountainous region of Jianggangshang. There, Mao or ganized a rag-tag army composed of bandits and peasants called the Red Army. The Red Army was ill-equipped yet by using guerilla warfare and Mao’s battle slogans, â€Å"When the enemy advances, we retreat! When the enemy halts and encamps, we trouble them! When the enemy seeks to avoid a battle, we attack! When the enemy retreats, we pursue,† the Red Army was able to gain territory from the KMT from 1930 to 1934 (Gay 36). However, by the end of 1934, the KMT surrounded the Red Army and they were forced to retreat. For a six thousand miles journey from the Jiangxi Province to the Shaanxi Province, the Red Army marched to save themselves from the KMT. This trek was known as the Long March. Out of the estimated one hundred to two hundred thousand soldiers that marched, only seven to eight thousand survived (Gay 39). When the Red Army arrived at their destination at Shaanxi, Japan had taken advantage of the civil war and had invaded and occupied all of Manchuria, a mineral rich land in northern China (Malaspina 57). As Japanese troops moved south, the Red Army temporarily combined forces with the KMT to fight off Japan. Yet even with combined forces, the

Designing a Toasting Oven in Order to Produce Corn Flakes Free Essays

string(60) " high heat and mass transfer rates rapidly dry the product\." Prof. Dr. Suat Ungan Fd. We will write a custom essay sample on Designing a Toasting Oven in Order to Produce Corn Flakes or any similar topic only for you Order Now E. 425 Food Engineering Design Coordinator Middle East Technical University Food Engineering Department Ankara 06531 November 25, 2011 Dear Mr. Ungan, Please accept the accompanying Work Term Report, aimed designing a toasting oven in order to produce corn flakes. In the designed system 10 tons corn flakes per day is produced. After some processes, corn flakes enters the roasting oven at 20% humidity and exits at 4%humidity. The roasting oven can operate at ( ±10 ? C) 225 0C. Toasting oven is designed by considering its length, area and operating temperature. Optimizations are done according to these factors on the cost of the total design. In the design system, rotary drum drier is used. 350 days of the year plant works and production occurs 16 hours in a day. Corn flakes enter the oven at 225 0C . Amount of air is calculated as 0,648 kg dry air/s . Length of the drier is calculated as 2. 27 m. in the result of optimizations done according to proper drying time and dryer diameter. Heat energy needed to raise the inlet temperature of air to 225 0C, is found as 157kw and heat loss is found as 23. 6kw. Through these data, total investment which contains dryer cost and electricity cost is found as 92794. 98TL. Sincerely, group 3 members TABLE OF CONTENT SUMMARY In this design a rotary dryer is designed for drying of corn flakes which have the moisture content 20%. Corn flakes are dried with air 9 % moisture content. The production is done for 16 hours in a day and 10 tons corn flakes are produced per day. In production process, corn flakes are cooked under pressure. After cooking step, big masses are broken to pieces and sent to driers in order to get the moisture level at 20%. After this process, roduct is flaked between large steel cylinders and cooled with internal water flow. Soft flakes are sent to rotary dryers in order to dehydration to 4% final moisture content and toasting. In the toasting oven, flakes are exposed to 225 0C air for 2-3 min. The drier length is calculated as 2. 27 m with the diameter of 0. 082m with the assumption of 4%moisture content inlet air and 9%conten t outlet air. Flow rate of feed is calculated as 0. 206kg/s. Mass flow rate of the inlet air is calculated as 0,648 kg dry air/s. Energy needed for bring the temperature of air to 225 0C is calculated as 157kw and heat loss in the system is 23. kw. By making optimizations total capital investment is calculated as92794. 98TL which includes 84881TL electricity cost and 7913TL dryer cost. Finally by making optimizations, in order to have minimum length and suitable energy for the drier, 215 0C is chosen the best temperature for the inlet air. I. INTRODUCTION Rotary dryers potentially represent the oldest continuous and undoubtedly the most common high volume dryer used in industry, and it has evolved more adaptations of the technology than any other dryer classification. [1] Drying the materials is an important consumption process. It is also one of the important parts in cement production process, and affects the quality and consumption of the grinding machine. Drum dryer is the main equipment of drying materials, it has simple structure, reliable operation, and convenient to manage. However there are some problems which are huge heat loss, low thermal efficiency, high heat consumption, more dust, and difficult to control the moisture out of the machine. It plays a significant role in improving drying technology level and thermal efficiency in drying process, reduce the thermal and production lost. 2] In this design we are asked to design a rotary drier which works 16 hours in a day and produces 10 tones corn flakes per day. Also it is mentioned that, corn flakes enters to drier at 20 %humidity and exits 3-5%humidity. This report is about designing a rotary dryer with its dimensions for considering to get the minimum total cost. Optimizations are done according to inlet temperature of the air to the drier. In the design system heat needed for heating the inlet temperatures and length of the rotary dryer as material cost is thought, and optimization is done by considering minimum total cost for the system. II. PREVIOUS WORK Drying is perhaps the oldest, most common operation of chemical engineering unit operations. Over four hundred types of dryers have been reported in the literature while over one hundred distinct types are commonly available[3] Drying occurs by effecting vaporization of the liquid by providing heat to the wet feedstock. Heat may be supplied by convection (direct dryers), by conduction (contact or indirect dryers), radiation or by microwave. Over 85 percent of industrial dryers are of the convective type with hot air or direct combustion gases as the drying medium. Over 99 percent of the applications involve removal of water. [3] * Rotary Dryer; All rotary dryers have the feed materials passing through a rotating cylinder termed a drum. It is a cylindrical shell usually constructed from steel plates, slightly inclined, typically 0. 3-5 m in diameter, 5-90 m in length and rotating at 1-5 rpm. It is operated in some cases with a negative internal pressure (vacuum) to prevent dust escape. Depending on the arrangement for the contact between the drying gas and the solids, a dryer may be classified as direct or indirect, con-current or counter-current. Noted for their flexibility and heavy construction, rotary dryers are less sensitive to wide fluctuations in throughput and product size. [4] * Pneumatic/Flash Dryer;The pneumatic or ‘flash’ dryer is used with products that dry rapidly owing to the easy removal of free moisture or where any needed diffusion to the surface occurs readily. Drying takes place in a matter of seconds. Wet material is mixed with a stream of heated air (or other gas), which conveys it through a drying duct where high heat and mass transfer rates rapidly dry the product. You read "Designing a Toasting Oven in Order to Produce Corn Flakes" in category "Essay examples" Applications include the drying of filter cakes, crystals, granules, pastes, sludge and slurries; in fact almost any material where a powdered product is required. * Spray Dryers; Spray drying has been one of the most energy-consuming drying processes, yet it remains one that is essential to the production of dairy and food product powders. Basically, spray drying is accomplished by atomizing feed liquid into a drying chamber, where the small droplets are subjected to a stream of hot air and converted to powder particles. As the powder is discharged from the drying chamber, it is passed through a powder/air separator and collected for packaging. Most spray dryers are equipped for primary powder collection at efficiency of about 99. 5%, and most can be supplied with secondary collection equipment if necessary * Fluidised Bed Dryer; Fluid bed dryers are found throughout all industries, from heavy mining through food, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. They provide an effective method of drying relatively free flowing particles with a reasonably narrow particle size distribution. In general, fluid bed dryers operate on a through-the-bed flow pattern with the gas passing through the product perpendicular to the direction of travel. The dry product is discharged from the same section. * Hot Air Dryer- Stenter; Fabric drying is usually carried out on either drying cylinders (intermediate drying) or on stenters (final drying). Drying cylinders are basically a series of steam-heated drums over which the fabric passes. It has the drawback of pulling the fabric and effectively reducing its width. For this reason it tends to be used for intermediate drying * Contact Drying- Steam Cylinders/Can; This is the simplest and cheapest mode of drying woven fabrics. It is mainly used for intermediate drying rather than final drying (since there is no means of controlling fabric width) and for pre drying prior to stentering. * Infra red drying; Infrared energy can be generated by electric or gas infrared heaters or emitters. Each energy source has advantages and disadvantages. Typically, gas infrared systems are more expensive to buy because they require safety controls and gas-handling equipment, but they often are less expensive to run because gas usually is cheaper than electricity. Gas infrared is often a good choice for applications that require a lot of energy. Products such as nonwoven and textile webs are examples where gas often is a good choice. [5] * III. DISCUSSION For the designed system a rotary drum dryer is chosen. Rotary drum dryer  is used for drying material with humidity or granularity in the industries of mineral dressing, building material, metallurgy and chemical. It has advantage of reasonable structure, high efficiency, low energy consumption[6]   advantages of drum dryer: | | Suitable for handling liquid or pasty feeds. Product is powdery, flaky form Uniform drying due to uniform application of film. Medium range capacities. Very High thermal efficiency Continuous operation Compact installation Closed construction is possible  [7] By hot air stream, heat for Toasting of the flakes in the drier, or in the oven, is provided instead using flat baking surfaces. Depending on the production type and flow rate, drum dryer satisfies rotating at a constant speed, the slope and the length. The drum is also perforated so that allows the air flow inside. The perforation should not too much large but also prevent the escape of flakes. Also, during the thermal treatment browning, expansion degree, texture, flavour, storage stability is determined. In order to obtain the correct values, the drying temperature and time should be adjusted properly. For the optimization of the system, length of the drier, diameter value, working temperature are affect fixed cost, variable cost and the heat loss from the system is considered. First at all, changing by temperature how affect necessary length is calculated T air in| Z| 210| 2,308504| 215| 2,296091| 220| 2,284367| 225| 2,273274| 230| 2,262764| 235| 2,252792| It is seen that after temperature of the hot air increases, the necessary length of the system decreases . Due to decreasing of necessary length of the system , area decreases also , so fix cost is decreased (Money of dryer + installation) on the other hand according to table 6 T air in| Q system| electric cost| Area| money for cost of dryer + installation| total cost| 210| 146,708| 79222,32709| ,231014| 7949,192995| 87171,52| 215| 150,2011| 81108,57297| 1,224622| 7936,763821| 89045,34| 220| 153,6941| 82994,81886| 1,218584| 7925,023661| 90919,84| 225| 157,1872| 84881,06474| 1,212872| 7913,916768| 92794,98| 230| 160,6802| 86767,31062| 1,20746| 7903,393249| 94670,7| 235| 164,1733| 88653,5565| 1,202325| 7893,408318| 96546,96| TABLE 6 Q loss is increased , by temperature increase so variable cost(electric c ost ) is increased also. owever, due to not big changing in the areas fix cost variable do not change too much by increasing or decreasing the temperature, but Q loss, on the other hand, makes too much difference by increasing or decreasing the temperature and also electrical cost for one kw/h is 0. 15 TL ,the difference of changing one temperature to other one is too big than fix cost. And according to data and tables, the optimum temperature is 2100C due to this reasons do not have a specific curve to us , the result is predicted as the minimum temperature. i. Assumptions * Working time of the plant is assumed as 16 hours Drying time is assumed as 150 seconds (optimum time is given as 2-3 minutes). * Surface temperature of the corn flakes entering the drier is assumed as 25oC(Tfeed=25oC) * Humidity of the air at the inlet and the outlet is assumed as 0. 04 and 0. 09, respectively. * Specific heat of the air is assumed as constant. ( cp,air=1. 02kj/kg*K) * Only the constant drying rate is considered in the calculations since it has a critical moisture of 4. 5-5. 2 %. [4] * The shape of the flakes is assumed as spherical. * Radius of dryer is taken as 0. 082 m The efficiency of the drier is assumed as 85% to realize the calculations. ii. Possible source of errors * The shape of the corn flakes may not be perfect spheres. * Calculations may be done improperly due to the air humidity assumptions. * The corn flakes may be stuck on each other. * IV. RECOMMENDED DESIGN 1. Drawing of proposed design 2. Tables Listing Equipment an Specifications Equipment| Specifications| Rotary Drum Dryer| Heating Medium: Hot Air * Temperature : 225 o C * Humidity in: 0. 04 kg water / kg dry air * Humidity out : 0. 09 kg water / kg dry airLength: 2. 27 mPeripheral Area: 1. 13 m2Material: Stainless SteelType: PerforatedProcessing time: 3 minutes or 150 seconds| TABLE 1 3. Tables for Material and Energy Balances T air, in ( °C)| 210| 215| 220| 225| 230| 235| T air, out ( °C)| 163 . 67| 167. 57| 171. 48| 175. 37| 179. 27| 183. 16| Product rate (kg/s)| 0. 174| 0. 174| 0. 174| 0. 174| 0. 174| 0. 174| Feed rate (kg/s)| 0. 206| 0. 206| 0. 206| 0. 206| 0. 206| 0. 206| Mass of air (kg/s)| 0. 648| 0. 648| 0. 648| 0. 648| 0. 648| 0. 648| H in, air (kj/kg)| 226. 107| 231. 490| 236. 874| 242. 257| 247. 641| 253. 25| H out, air (kj/kg)| 192. 191| 196. 767| 201. 343| 205. 912| 210. 495| 210. 071| Q (kj/s)| 33. 916| 34. 724| 35. 531| 36. 339| 37. 146| 37. 954| Q loss (kj/s)| 22. 006| 22. 530| 23. 054| 23. 578| 24. 102| 24. 626| T feed in ( °C)| 25| 25| 25| 25| 25| 25| T feed out ( °C)| 46. 253| 46. 275| 46. 298| 46. 320| 46. 343| 46. 366| Z, length (m)| 2. 32| 2. 296| 2. 284| 2. 273| 2,263| 2. 253| A, peripheral area (m)| 1. 231| 1. 224| 1. 219| 1. 213| 1. 207| 1. 202| time (seconds)| 150| 150| 150| 150| 150| 150| TABLE 2 4. Process Economics According to 225oC QSYSTEM =157,18 kJ TEDAS ,for 1KW/hour electric , cost is 0. 5TL. —————â €”——————————- Electric cost = QSYSTEM *3600*0,15 Eqn 19 Electric cost=84881,065TL ————————————————- Area =(2*? *r*z)+(2*? *r2) Eqn 20 AREA;=1,2128m2 For money cost dryer and installation a formula is found which is ————————————————- Cost = 5555,56+ 1944,44*area Eqn 21 money cost dryer and installation= 7913. 91TL ————————————————- Total cost = electric cost + money cost dryer +installation EQN 22 Total cost=92794,98TL T air in| Q system| electric cost| area| money for cost of dryer + installation| total cost| 210| 146,708| 79222,32709| 1,231014| 7949,192995| 87171,52| 215| 150,2011| 81108,57297| 1,224622| 7936,763821| 89045,34| 220| 153,6941| 82994,81886| 1,218584| 7925,023661| 90919,84| 225| 157,1872| 84881,06474| 1,212872| 7913,916768| 92794,98| 230| 160,6802| 86767,31062| 1,20746| 7903,393249| 94670,7| 235| 164,1733| 88653,5565| 1,202325| 7893,408318| 96546,96| TABLE 6 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS To sum up, the aim of this design project is to design a toasting oven for corn flakes to decrease its moisture content from %20 to 3-5 %. For this purpose, by using inlet temperature, humidity of air and inlet temperature and moisture content of corn flakes the system is designed. Moreover, during calculations length and radius of dryer, operating time, operating capacity and heat losses from the system is considered. After doing this calculation, the optimization done by altering the working temperature of the system and dryer radius and by considering heat losses from the system. These alterations affect to the both variable and fixed costs and different fixed and variable cost values are obtained. Different total costs values are obtained by using fixed cost and variable cost values and optimization is done. Finally, it is conculed that the dryer length is 2. 27 m when inlet air temperature is 225 oC. However, optimum length is obtained when the inlet air temperature is 215 oC which is 2. 296 m by considering total cost for the system. As a result, theoretical calculations are integrated with practical approach and feasible system is designed for the problem. As a recommendation, for the drying process of corn flakes other dryer types can be used. Fluidized bed dryer can be used for this process. There are some important advantages of this dyer. As an example, this type of dryer has very high thermal efficiency and low processing temperature can be used for the processing. [8] Moreover, the system should be controlled carefully, because any fluctuations in the temperature or other variables could made adverse effects. Temperature of the inlet air should be censored and color censor should be added to outlet of product to control the quality in a best way. VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Special thanks for their help and support to our instructors: Prof. Dr. Suat UNGAN Assist. Cem  Ã‚ · BALTACIOGLU * VII. TABLE OF NOMENCLATURE xfeed = kg solid/kg feed xproduct = kg solid/kg product Xfeed = kg water/kg dry solid Xproduct = kg water/kg dry solid Humidity air in= kg water/kg dry air ? =density (kg/m3) Q =volumetric flow rate (m3/s) V=speed (m/s) D= diam eter (m) g= gravitational acceleration (m/s2) Qloss = kJoule Hin = Kj /kg dry air hproduct = kJ/kg Gair = kg dry air/m2. s * VIII. REFERENCES [1] Retrieved on November 2011 from; http://www. process-heating. om/Articles/Drying_Files/d238aadb9d268010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____ [2] Retrieved on November 2011 from; http://www. rotary-drum-dryer. com/Knowledge/2011-05-08/141. html [3] Retrieved on November 2011 from; http://www. energymanagertraining. com/bee_draft_codes/best_practices_manual-DRYERS. pdf [4] Retrieved on November 2011 from; http://www. barr-rosin. com/products/rotary-dryer. asp [5] Retrieved on November 2011 from; http://www. thinkredona. org/rotary-dryer [6] Retrieved on November 2011 from http://www. blcrushers. com/chanping/2011-08-17/111. html? gclid=CM39p73vxKwCFQkLfAodemc4rw [7] Retrieved on November 2011 from http://www. rrowhead-dryers. com/drum-dryer. html [8]retrieved on November 2011 from http://www. directindustry. com/prod/british-rema-processing-ltd/fluidized -bed-dryers-62696-580253. html * IX. APPENDIX SAMPLE CALCULATIONS Mass values and fractions data: Capacity = 10000 kg per day product As assumed working time = 16 hours per day Product flow rate = (10000kg/day)*(1day/16hours)*(1 hour/3600) Product flow rate=0,174 kg/s Feed flow rate = (0,174*0,95)/0,8 Feed flow rate= 0,206 kg/s Moisture content of feed = 0,2 kg water/kg feed Moisture content of product = 0,05 kg water/kg product xfeed = 0,8 kg solid/kg feed product = 0,95 kg solid/kg product Xfeed = 0,2/0,8(=0,2/0,8=0,25 kg water/kg dry solid) Xfeed= 0,25 kg water/kg dry solid Xproduct = 0,05/0,95(=0,05/0,95=0,053 kg water/kg dry solid) = 0,053 kg water/kg product Xproduct= 0,053 kg water/kg product Temperature humidity data: Temperature of the air in = 225 oC Temperature of the feed = 25 oC Humidity air in = 0,04 kg water/kg dry air Humidity air out = 0,09 kg water/kg dry airH For finding G value, water balance is made as ———————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- G*Hin + F*Xfeed/[(1+Xfeed)] = G*Hout + P*Xproduct Eqn 1. G*0,04 + 0,206*[0,25/(1+0,25)] = G*0,09 + 0,174*[0,053/(1+0,053)] G= 0,648 kg dry air/s For finding energy balance, Hin , Qloss , Hout are calculated ————————————————- Hin = (1,005+1,88* Hin)*Tair,in Eqn2. (Material and Energy Balances in Food Engineering, Esin, A. 1993, p. 429) Hin = (1,005+1,88*0,04)*225 Hin = 242,25 kJ/kg dry air As efficiency is taken 85% ————————————————- Qloss = 0,15*Hin (85% efficiency) Eqn3. Qloss = 36,33 kJ/kg dry air ————————————————- Qloss in system = G*Qloss Eqn4. Qloss in system = 0,648*36,456 Qloss in system = 23,578 kJ/s ————————————————- Hout = (1,005+1,88* Hout)*Tair,out Eqn5. (Material and Energy Balances in Food Engineering, Esin, A. 1993, p. 429) Hout = 1,1742*Tout Energy balance: ————————————————- G*Hin = G*Hout + Qloss Eqn6. 0,648*243,045 = 0,648*(1,1742Tair,out) + 23,626 Tout air = 175,369oC Use eqn 5. And Hout is found as Hout = 205,91 kJ/s ————————————————- Siebel’s Equation: 33,49*(H2O) + 837,4 Eqn 7. (Material and Energy Balances in Food Engineering, Esin, A. 1993 Eqn 5-33 p. 211) So , by using this equation cp,feed = 1,5 kJ/kg. oC cp,product = 0,98kJ/kg . oC ? feed = 1390 kg/m3 ————————————————- hfeed = cp,feed*Tfeed Eqn. 8 hfeed = 1,5*25 hfeed = 37,5 kJ/kg ————————————————- hproduct = cp,feed*Tproduct Eqn. 9 hproduct = 0,98*Tproduct Energy Balance: G*Hin + F*hfeed = G*Hout + P*hproduct + Qloss Eqn 10. 0,648*243,045 + 0. 206*37. = 0. 648*206. 59 + 0. 174*0. 98* Tproduct + 23. 63 Tproduct = 46,32 oC hproduct = =45,39 kJ/kg As mentioned, assumption of radius of dryer is taken 0. 082 m ————————————————- Gair = 0,648/(? *r2) Eqn. 11 Gair = 30,68 kg dry air/m2. s ————————————————- hair = 1,17*(Gair)0,37 Eqn. 12(Transport Process and Separation Process Principles, Geankoplis , Eqn 9-6-10 p. 583) hair= 4. 5 kj/ kg cp,air=1. 02kj/kg*K ————————————————- HTOG = (Gair*cp,air)/hair Eqn. 13 (Mass Transfer Operation, Treybal, p. 704) HTOG= 7. 535 Tair,in = 225 Tair,out = 175. 369 Tfeed = 25 Tproduct =46. 32 So TG is found by ————————————————- TG = Tair,in – Tair,out Eqn. 14 TG = 49. 06 ————————————————- TM = [(Tair,in – Tfeed) + (Tair,out – Tproduct)]/2 Eqn. 15 TM = 164,52 ————————————————- NTOG = TG/TM Eqn. 16 NTOG = 0,301 ————————————————- z = NTOG*HTOG Eqn 17 z= 2,27 m ————————————————- QSYSTEM=Gair*Hin Eqn 18 =242,25*0,648 QSYSTEM =157,18 kJ TEDAS ,for 1KW/hour electric , cost is 0. 15TL. ————————————————- Electric cost = QSYSTEM *3600*0,15 Eqn 19 Electric cost=84881,065TL ———————————————— Area =(2*? *r*z)+(2*? *r2) Eqn 20 AREA;=1,2128m2 For money cost dryer and installation a formula is found which is ———————————————†”- Cost = 5555,56+ 1944,44*area Eqn 21 (Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, Max . S. Peters) money cost dryer and installation= 7913. 91TL ————————————————- Total cost = electric cost + money cost dryer +installation EQN 22 Total cost=92794,98TL For finding changes due to increasing temperature to higher or lower (  ±10 ? C) from 225oC Humidityin and Humidityout are taken constant. Humidity air in = 0,04 kg water/kg dry air Humidity air out = 0,09 kg water/kg dry airH T air in| Hin| Q loss| Qloss in SYSTEM| Tair out| Hout| 210| 226,107| 33,91605| 22,00620197| 163,6782| 192,191| 215| 231,4905| 34,72358| 22,53015916| 167,5753| 196,7669| 220| 236,874| 35,5311| 23,05411635| 171,4724| 201,3429| 225| 242,2575| 36,33863| 23,57807354| 175,3695| 205,9189| 230| 247,641| 37,14615| 24,10203073| 179,2666| 210,4949| 235| 253,0245| 37,95368| 24,62598792| 183,1637| 215,0708| TABLE 4 Gair and h are constant , as I found before as hfeed = 37,5 kJ/kg and Gair =30,68 T air in| T product| h product| h air| h TOG| TG| TM| N TOG| z| 210| 46,25308| 45,32802| 4,152621| 7,535866| 46,32179| 151,2126| 0,306336| 2,308504| 215| 46,27571| 45,3502| 4,152621| 7,535866| 47,42469| 155,6498| 0,304688| 2,296091| 220| 46,29834| 45,37238| 4,152621| 7,535866| 48,52759| 160,087| 0,303133| 2,284367| 225| 46,32097| 45,39455| 4,152621| 7,535866| 49,63049| 164,5243| 0,301661| ,273274| 230| 46,3436| 45,41673| 4,152621| 7,535866| 50,73339| 168,9615| 0,300266| 2,262764| 235| 46,36623| 45,43891| 4,152621| 7,535866| 51,83629| 173,3987| 0,298943| 2,252792| TABLE 5 T air in| Q system| electric cost| area| money for cost of dryer + installation| total cost| 210| 146,708| 79222,32709| 1,231014| 7949,192995| 87171,52| 215| 150,2011| 81108,57297| 1,224622| 7936,763821| 89045,34| 220| 153,6941| 82994,81886| 1,218584| 7925,023661| 90919,84| 225| 157,1872| 84881,06474| 1,212872| 7913,916768| 92794,98| 23 0| 160,6802| 86767,31062| 1,20746| 7903,393249| 94670,7| 235| 164,1733| 88653,5565| 1,202325| 7893,408318| 96546,96| TABLE 6 FIGURE1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 According to figures, most suitable temperature is 210oC by making optimization. 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Hormonal signaling is important between cells that are at greater distances apart than in synaptic signaling. C) Both act on target cells by a G-protein-signaling pathway. D) Only A and B are true. E) A , B, and C are true. 3. From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are A) the paracrine, local, and synaptic stages. B) signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response C) signal reception, nucleus disintegration, and new cell generation. D) the alpha, beta, and gamma stages. E) signal reception, cellular response, and cell division. 4. When a cell releases a signal molecule into the environment and a number of cells in the immediate vicinity respond, this type of signaling is A) typical of hormones. B) autocrine signaling. C) paracrine signaling. D) endocrine signaling. E) synaptic signaling. 5. The yield from putting NADH + H+ through the electron transport chain is ________ ATP and the yield from FADH2 is ________ ATP. A. three, two B. three, four C. four, three D. two, three 6. Fermentation takes place in the ________ of oxygen, a process also known as ________ respiration. A. presence, aerobic B. presence, anaerobic C. absence, aerobic D. absence, anaerobic 7. Pyruvate is the starting compound for ________. A. Alcohol fermentation B. Glycolysis C. Lactic acid fermentation D. All of the answers are correct E. Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation 8. ________ is the key regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. A. Hexokinase B. Rubisco C. Phosphofructokinase D. Isomerase 9. What is the role of O2 in electron transport? final electron acceptor 10. What are the three stages of cellular respiration and which one contributes most to ATP yield? Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation/electron transport. Oxidative phosphorylation contributes most. 11. Describe the importance of the membrane in electron transport. Provides a ‘substrate’ for the proteins involved; support, positioning relative to each other, etc. Provides a barrier across which protons can be pumped to form a gradient that is later used to form ATP. 12. What pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Glycolysis 13. What is the key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis and what is the effect of an increased ATP concentration on this enzyme and on respiration in general? The key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis is phosphofructokinase. An increase in ATP concentration means that the cell is not using all the energy that is being produced from the breakdown of glucose. Therefore, phosphofructokinase is shut down to prevent unnecessary breakdown of energy stores (i. e. glucose). Respiration will slow down. 14. What is the primary difference (in general terms) between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation? substrate-level phosphorylation involves the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another and oxidative phosphorylation involves the formation of ATP as a result of redox reactions in the electron transport chain. 5. What is the name of the enzyme that uses the proton gradient to make ATP? Answer: ATP synthase Objective 2-4 16. A type of local regulation in which only the adjacent cells are affected by signal chemicals is called ________ signaling. a. paracrine b. hormone c. autosomal d. neuronal 17. A type of receptor which uses GTP to activate a mobile peripheral protein is ca lled a: ________. e. receptor-tyrosine kinase f. G-protein-linked receptor g. ligand-gated ion channel 18. When a signal molecule binds to ________, the receptor forms a dimer and then has the ability to phosphorylate several different proteins. h. eceptor-tyrosine kinase i. G-protein-linked receptor j. ligand-gated ion channel 19. A(n) ________ is a small, non-protein molecule that functions in a transduction pathway. k. hydrolase l. enzyme m. second messenger 20. ________ is a second messenger that is actively pumped out of the cytosol, which keeps the concentration low. Then, when the second messenger is released, it may have a large effect on several proteins simultaneously. n. cAMP o. Ca2+ p. IP3 q. DAG 21. Different types of cells may respond differently to the same signal molecule because ___________. r. the signal molecule emits different wavelengths of light s. ach type of cell has its own complement of proteins t. the cell may feel threatened by the signal 22. Explain why hormones are not considered local regulators. By definition, hormones act on parts of the body that are distant from the site of production of the hormone. 23. Describe how signal amplification is accomplished in target cells. For each signal molecule, many primary messengers are activated, and for every level of the series of reactions that results, many new reactions are stimulated. 24. What are the three stages of cell signaling? Reception, transduction, response. 25. Describe where receptors for water-soluble and lipid soluble signal molecules are located. For example, receptors for ________ signal molecules are typically on the exterior of the plasma membrane. water-soluble, on the exterior of the plasma membrane; lipid-soluble, inside the cell. 26. What are the two main advantages of using a multistep pathway in the transduction stage of cell signaling? signal amplification and regulation/control 27. Compare kinases and phosphatases in terms of phosphorylation. kinases phosphorylate another molecule; phosphatases dephosphorylate another molecule. Objective 2-5 ) The centromere is a region in which A) chromatids are attached to one another. B) metaphase chromosomes become aligned. C) chromosomes are grouped during telophase. D) the nucleus is located prior to mitosis. E) new spindle microtubules form. 2) What is a chromatid? A) a chromosome in G1 of the cell cycle B) a replicated chromosome C) a chromosome found outside the nucleus D) a special region that holds two centromeres together E) another name for the chromosomes found in genetics 3) What is the name for the special region on a duplicated chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together? A) centrosome B) centromere C) kinetochore D) desmosome E) microtubule organizer region 4. How is the S phase of the cell cycle measured? A) counting the number of cells produced per hour B) determining the length of time during which DNA synthesis occurred in the cells C) comparing the synthesis versus the breakdown of S protein D) determining when the S chromosome is synthesized E) stopping G1 and measuring the number of picograms of DNA per cell 5. Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with A) a single large nucleus. B) high concentrations of actin and myosin. C) two abnormally small nuclei. D) two nuclei. E) two nuclei but with half the amount of DNA. 6) Regarding mitosis and cytokinesis, one difference between higher plants and animals is that in plants A) the spindles contain microfibrils in addition to microtubules, whereas animal spindles do not contain microfibrils. B) sister chromatids are identical, but they differ from one another in animals. C) a cell plate begins to form at telophase, whereas animals a cleavage furrow is initiated at that stage. D) chromosomes become attached to the spindle at prophase, whereas in animals chromosomes do not become attached until anaphase. E) spindle poles contain centrioles, whereas spindle poles in animals do not. 7) The correct sequence of steps in the M phase of the cell cycle is A) prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. B) prophase, metaphase, prometaphase, anaphase, telophase. C) prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis D) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis. E) cytokinesis, telophase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase. 8. Imagine looking through a microscope at a squashed onion root tip. The chromosomes of many of the cells are plainly visible. In some cells, replicated chromosomes are aligned along the center (equator) of the cell. These particular cells are in which stage of mitosis? A) telophase B) prophase C) anaphase D) metaphase E) prometaphase 9. The questions below consist of five phrases or sentences concerned with the cell cycle. For each one, select the answer below that is most closely related to it. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. G0 B. G1 C. S D. G2 E. M 9. the shortest part of the cell cycle Answer: E 10. What is the name of enzymes that control the activities of other proteins by phosphorylating them? A) ATPases B) kinases C) cyclins D) chromatin E) protein kinases 28. Interphase includes _______. u. Mitosis (M) v. Gap 1 (G1) w. Synthesis (S) x. all of the answers are correct y. both Gap 1 (G1) and Synthesis (S) 29. During ________, we can see highly condensed chromosomes in no particular pattern, but during ________ the highly condensed chromosomes are lined up across the middle of the cell. z. anaphase, telophase {. metaphase, anaphase |. prometaphase, metaphase }. metaphase, prophase 30. ________ attach at the centromeres of each sister chromatid in preparation for nuclear division. ~. centrosomes . kinetechore microtubules . nonkinetechore microtubules asters . centrioles 31. ________ duplicate during G2 of interphase, and then move to opposite ends of the cell. They are known as the microtubule organizing centers and microtubules radiate out from them. . centrosomes . kinetechore microtubules . nonkinetechore microtubules . asters . centrioles 32. ________ content in the cell fluctuates in a regu lar manner. As it accumulates, more of it binds with ________ to form MPF. This signals the cell to begin cell division. . Cdk, Cyclin . Cyclin, Cdk . Cyclin, phosphofructokinase 33. What is metastasis? Answer: The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.